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Bulk Gases

Bulk Gases

Bulk Gases – Applications & Properties

Liquid Oxygen (LOX)

Liquid oxygen (LOX) is the condensed form of molecular oxygen (O₂). It is pale blue, highly reactive, and supports combustion vigorously.

  • Boiling Point: -183°C (-297°F)
  • Density: 1.14 g/cm³
  • Storage: Requires insulated and pressurized containers due to its cryogenic nature.
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➢ Nature of LOX:

Liquid oxygen is the liquid form of molecular oxygen (O₂). It is highly concentrated and has the same chemical formula as gaseous oxygen. Liquid oxygen is a pale blue, cryogenic liquid. It is highly reactive and supports combustion vigorously. It has a boiling point of -183°C (-297°F) and a density of approximately 1.14 g/cm³ at its boiling point. Due to its extremely low temperature, liquid oxygen requires special handling and storage equipment, including insulated and pressurized containers.

 

➢ Applications:
• Rocket Propellant: LOX is commonly used as an oxidizer in rocket propulsion systems. It is combined with fuel (such as liquid hydrogen or kerosene) to produce the high-energy combustion needed for rocket launches. (READ MORE)
• Medical Field: Liquid oxygen is used in hospitals and medical facilities for respiratory support. It is stored in cryogenic tanks and vaporized to supply oxygen therapy to patients with respiratory conditions.
 
• Industrial Uses: It is used in various industrial processes, including steel manufacturing and chemical production. LOX is employed to enhance combustion in furnaces and to produce high-purity oxygen for industrial applications. 
 
• Water Treatment: Liquid oxygen is used in wastewater treatment plants to support aerobic biological processes, which help break down organic matter and improve water quality. 
 
• Environmental Applications: LOX is used in environmental applications, such as enhancing oxygen levels in lakes and rivers to support aquatic life and mitigate pollution.

 

Liquid Nitrogen (LIN)

Liquid nitrogen (LIN) is an extremely cold, colorless, and inert liquid form of nitrogen (N₂).

  • Boiling Point: -196°C (-321°F)
  • Density: 0.807 g/cm³
  • Storage: Kept in Dewar flasks to maintain its low temperature.

 

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➢ Nature of LIN: Liquid nitrogen is the liquid form of molecular nitrogen (N₂). It has the same chemical formula as nitrogen gas. Liquid nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, and extremely cold liquid. It has a boiling point of -196°C (-321°F) and a density of about 0.807 g/cm³ at its boiling point. It is inert, meaning it does not readily react with other substances. Due to its extremely low temperature, liquid nitrogen requires special handling and storage equipment, including insulated containers called Dewar flasks.
 
➢ Applications:
• Cryopreservation: Liquid nitrogen is widely used in cryopreservation to freeze and store biological samples such as cells, tissues, blood, and reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) for long-term storage. 
 
• Cryotherapy: In the medical field, liquid nitrogen is used in cryotherapy to remove warts, skin tags, and other skin lesions by freezing them. It is also used in some surgical procedures to destroy abnormal tissues. 
 
• Food Industry: Liquid nitrogen is used for flash freezing food products to preserve their quality, texture, and nutritional value. It is also used in culinary applications to create unique dishes and desserts, such as ice cream made with liquid nitrogen.
 
• Industrial Uses: It is used in various industrial processes, such as shrink-fitting of metal parts, which involves cooling metal components to fit them together tightly. Liquid nitrogen is also used in the production of electronic components to cool materials during manufacturing. 
 
• Scientific Research: Liquid nitrogen is used in laboratories for various experiments and applications, such as cooling sensitive instruments, preserving samples, and conducting low-temperature research.
 
• Cryogenic Grinding: It is used in cryogenic grinding to make fine powders by cooling materials to extremely low temperatures, making them brittle and easier to grind into fine particles.
 
• Cooling and Storage: Liquid nitrogen is used to cool and store temperature-sensitive materials, such as pharmaceuticals and chemicals, that require low-temperature conditions for stability and preservation.

Liquid Argon (LAR)

Liquid argon (Ar) is an inert, colorless, and non-flammable noble gas.

  • Boiling Point: -185.8°C (-302.5°F)
  • Density: 1.40 g/cm³
  • Storage: Stored in insulated Dewar flasks.
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➢ Nature of Gas: Liquid argon is the liquid form of the noble gas argon. Its chemical formula is Ar. Liquid argon is colorless, odorless, and non-flammable. It has a boiling point of -185.8°C (-302.5°F) and a density of about 1.40 g/cm³ at its boiling point. Argon is inert, meaning it does not react with other substances under most conditions.Due to its low boiling point, liquid argon requires specialized storage and handling equipment, including insulated containers known as Dewar flasks.
 
➢ Applications:
• Welding and Metal Fabrication: Liquid argon is commonly used as a shielding gas in welding and metal fabrication processes. Its inert nature prevents oxidation and contamination of the weld area, resulting in stronger and cleaner welds.
 
• Scientific Research: In laboratories, liquid argon is used for various experiments, including those in cryogenics and low-temperature physics. It is also used as a coolant for sensitive instruments and detectors.
 
• Medical and Pharmaceutical: Liquid argon is used in medical and pharmaceutical applications, such as cryosurgery and cryotherapy. It is employed to remove or destroy abnormal tissues by freezing them.
 
• Lighting Industry: Argon gas is used in the production of incandescent and fluorescent light bulbs, where it fills the space inside the bulb to prevent the tungsten filament from oxidizing and prolong its life.
 
• Space and Aerospace: Liquid argon is used in the space and aerospace industries for propulsion systems and as a coolant for equipment and instruments in spacecraft and satellites. 
 
• Environmental Applications: Liquid argon is used in environmental monitoring and testing, particularly in gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, to analyze air and water samples for contaminants. 

 

Liquid Carbon Dioxide (LCO₂)

Liquid carbon dioxide (CO₂) is colorless, odorless, and exists in a narrow temperature-pressure range.

  • Boiling Point: Below -56.6°C (-69.9°F)
  • Density: 1.18 g/cm³
  • Storage: Requires pressurized containers.
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➢ Nature of LCO2: Liquid carbon dioxide is the liquid form of carbon dioxide, a compound consisting of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. Its chemical formula is CO₂. Liquid carbon dioxide is a colorless and odorless liquid with a density of about 1.18 g/cm³ at its boiling point. It is formed at high pressures and low temperatures, typically above 5.1 atmospheres and below -56.6°C (-69.9°F). CO₂ exists as a liquid in a narrow range of temperature and pressure. Liquid CO₂ must be stored and handled in pressurized containers to maintain its liquid state.

 

➢ Applications:
• Food and Beverage Industry: Liquid CO₂ is widely used in the food and beverage industry for carbonation of soft drinks, beer, and sparkling water. It is also used in the freezing and chilling of food products, providing rapid cooling without moisture loss.
 
• Enhanced Oil Recovery: In the oil and gas industry, liquid CO₂ is used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques. It is injected into oil reservoirs to increase pressure and reduce the viscosity of crude oil, making it easier to extract. 
 
• Chemical Industry: Liquid carbon dioxide is used as a solvent in various chemical reactions and processes, such as supercritical CO₂ extraction for decaffeinating coffee and extracting essential oils and Flavors. 
 
• Fire Suppression: Liquid CO₂ is used in fire extinguishers, especially for electrical fires and fires involving flammable liquids. It works by displacing oxygen and cooling the fire. 
 
• Welding and Metal Fabrication: In welding, liquid CO₂ is used as a shielding gas to protect the weld area from oxidation and contamination. It is often combined with other gases, such as argon, for improved welding performance.
 
• Environmental Applications: Liquid CO₂ is used in various environmental applications, including water treatment and the neutralization of alkaline wastewater.
 
• Laboratory and Research: Liquid CO₂ is used in laboratory settings for various applications, including the preservation of biological samples and as a coolant for low-temperature experiments.

Bulk Hydrogen (Skids/Cascade)

Nature of Gas: Hydrogen is the simplest and lightest element, consisting of one proton and one electron. Its molecular form, H₂, is a diatomic molecule with two hydrogen atoms bonded together.Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, and highly flammable gas. It has a boiling point of -252.87°C (-423.17°F) and a density of about 0.08988 g/L at standard temperature and pressure. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe.Hydrogen is highly reactive and forms compounds with most elements. It is a reducing agent and plays a crucial role in various chemical reactions.
➢ Applications:
• Industrial Uses: Hydrogen is used in the production of ammonia (NH₃), which is essential for manufacturing fertilizers. It is also used in the refining of petroleum to remove sulfur and other impurities in a process called hydrodesulfurization. 
 
• Energy and Fuel: Hydrogen is considered a clean fuel and is used in fuel cells to produce electricity with water as the only byproduct. It is also used as a fuel in hydrogen-powered vehicles and as a rocket propellant in the space industry.
 
• Chemical Manufacturing: Hydrogen is used to produce various chemicals, including methanol, hydrogen peroxide, and hydrochloric acid. It is also used in the hydrogenation of fats and oils in the food industry.
 
• Metallurgy: Hydrogen is used as a reducing agent in metallurgical processes to extract metals from their ores. It is also used to prevent oxidation during the annealing and heat-treating of metals. 
 
• Electronics: In the electronics industry, hydrogen is used in the manufacturing of semiconductors and as a carrier gas in various deposition processes.
 
• Environmental Applications: Hydrogen is used in environmental applications, such as the removal of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from exhaust gases through selective catalytic reduction (SCR).
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